Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Genotoxic, Antigenotoxic Effects in Bacterial Models, and Hypoglycemic Activity of Epilobium angustifolium L. with Bioguided Isolation of Active Compounds

This study examined the effects of methanol extract and its sub-extracts from Epilobium angustifolium on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activity. Secondary metabolites and amino acids were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Dichloromethane sub-extract displayed the highest activity and was chosen for further investigation. Despite the widespread use of E. angustifolium, genotoxicity studies were conducted to assess its safety. Dichloromethane significantly inhibited alpha-glucosidase (IC50=17.340 mu g/mL), making it approximately 293 times more effective than acarbose. Six known compounds, including gallic acid (1), a mixture of quercetin-3-O-alpha-galactoside (2a) and quercetin-3-O-alpha-glucoside (2b), quercetin-3-O-alpha-glucuronic acid (3), quercetin-3-O-alpha-rhamnoside (4), and kaempferol-3-O-alpha-rhamnoside (5) were identified. Quercetin-3-O-alpha-rhamnoside exhibited the highest inhibition of alpha-glucosidase (IC50=1735 +/- 85 mu M), making it 3.70 times more effective than acarbose. Dichloromethane also showed significant antigenotoxic activity against mutagenesis induced by NaN3, 9-AA, 4-NPD, and MNNG. Gallic acid was found in the highest abundance (13253.6931 ng/mL) in the methanolic extract. Furthermore, L-Aspartic acid was the most concentrated amino acid (363.5620 nmol/mL) in the methanolic extract.