Positive association between ambient air pollutants and incident kidney stones

We aimed to assess the association between exposure to various air pollutants, individually or jointly, and incident kidney stones, and examine whether genetic susceptibility for kidney stones may modify this association. 453,977 participants without prior kidney stones from the UK Biobank were included. Annual mean concentrations of PM 2.5 , PM 2.5–10 , PM 10 , NO 2 , and NO x were estimated with a land use regression model. A weighted air pollution score was constructed that incorporates the five pollutants mentioned above. A genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated based on 20 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with kidney stones. The primary outcome was incident kidney stones. During a median follow-up of 11.9 years, 5,375 kidney stones were recorded. The adjusted HRs (95%CI) of incident kidney stones were 1.04 (1.01–1.07), 1.02 (1.00–1.05), 1.03 (1.01–1.06), 1.05 (1.02–1.08), and 1.04 (1.01–1.07), for per standard deviation (SD) increment in PM 2.5 (SD:1.06 μg/m 3 ), PM 2.5–10 (SD:0.90 μg/m 3 ), PM 10 (SD:1.90 μg/m 3 ), NO 2 (SD:7.63 μg/m 3 ), and NO x (SD: 15.63 μg/m 3 ), respectively. Moreover, there was a significantly linear association between the air pollution score and incident kidney stones (per SD increment: HR, 1.05, 95%CI: 1.02–1.08), especially in those without diabetes ( vs. participants with diabetes; P -interaction = 0.037). In addition, the association between air pollution and kidney stones was statistically significant only in participants within intermediate-high kidney stone GRS, but not in those with low GRS kidney stone, though the interaction was not significant ( P -interaction = 0.385). In conclusion, exposure to air pollution was associated with a higher risk of incident kidney stones, calling for the need to improve air quality.