NXC736 Attenuates Radiation-Induced Lung Fibrosis via Regulating NLRP3/IL-1 Signaling Pathway

Radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RILF) is a common complication of radiotherapy in lung cancer. However, to date no effective treatment has been developed for this condition. NXC736 is a novel small-molecule compound that inhibits NLRP3, but its effect on RILF is unknown. NLRP3 activation is an important trigger for the development of RILF. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of NXC736 on lung fibrosis inhibition using a RILF animal model and to elucidate its molecular signaling pathway. The left lungs of mice were irradiated with a single dose of 75 Gy. We observed that NXC736 treatment inhibited collagen deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in irradiated mouse lung tissues. The damaged lung volume, evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, was lower in NXC736-treated mice than in irradiated mice. NXC736-treated mice exhibited significant changes in lung function parameters. NXC736 inhibited inflammasome activation by interfering with the NLRP3-ASC-cleaved caspase-1 interaction, thereby reducing the expression of IL-1 beta and blocking the fibrotic pathway. In addition, NXC736 treatment reduced the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers such as alpha-SMA, vimentin, and twist by blocking the Smad 2,3,4 signaling pathway. These data suggested that NXC736 is a potent therapeutic agent against RILF.