Transforming a volcanic rock powder waste into an efficient adsorbent to remove dyes (acid green 16 and acid red 97) and metals (Ag + , Co 2+ , and Cu 2+ ) from water

This study searched for the best synthesis route for producing an adsorbent from the alkaline fusion of volcanic rock powder waste. The samples synthesized under different conditions of temperature and alkalizing ratio/precursor material, nine in total (NP.F, NP.F1, NP.F2, ...NP.F8 ), were used in the adsorption of acid green 16 (AG 16) and acid red 97 (AR 97) dyes and Ag + , Co 2+ , and Cu 2+ ions. Subsequently, the 2 2 central composite rotational design (CCRD) was applied, and the effects of the alkalizing ratio (NaOH)/volcanic rock (VR) and temperature (T) on the synthesis process were analyzed in terms of their influence on the physical properties of the materials and in the process of adsorption of contaminants. From the experimental design, it can be seen that the independent variables alkalizing ratio/volcanic rock and temperature greatly influence the characteristic and synthesis of adsorbent materials by alkaline fusion, which in turn reflects on the results achieved in the adsorption of contaminants. Therefore, the temperature of 550 °C and NaOH/VR ratio equal to 1 was the most satisfactory synthesis route to obtain high values of adsorption capacity ( q , mg g −1 ) and removal ( R , %) for all studied contaminants, as well as the optimization of the physical characteristics of the material. For example, the adsorption capacity of dye AG 16 was 49.1 mg g −1 , and for Ag + was 66.2 mg g −1 , while the removal percentages were 97.6% and 93.4%, respectively. This approach made it possible to transform volcanic rock powder wastes into an efficient adsorbent to treat contaminated waters with dyes and metals.