Utilizing ablation volume for calibration in LA-ICP-MS mapping to address variations in ablation rates within and between matrices

Quantification in 2D LA-ICP-MS mapping generally requires matrix-matched standards to minimize issues related to elemental fractionation. In addition, internal standardization is commonly applied to correct for instrumental drift and fluctuation, whereas also differences in ablated mass can be rectified for samples that cannot be sectioned and subjected to total ablation. However, it is crucial that the internal standard element is homogeneously distributed in the sample and that the laser light absorptivity is uniform over the surface. As in practice these requirements are often not met, this work will focus on correction of ablation rate differences within/ between samples and standards by normalizing the element maps using the associated ablation volume per pixel as measured by optical profilometry. Due to the volume correction approach the element concentrations are no longer defined as mass per mass concentrations (in mu g g ? 1) but by mass per volume concentrations (in mu g cm-3), which can be interconverted in case matrix densities are known. The findings show that ablation volume-aided calibration yields more accurate element concentrations in 2D LA-ICP-MS maps for a decorative glass with highly varying elemental concentrations (murrina). This research presents a warning that if there are variations in ablation rates between samples and standards within and across matrices, even when their sensitivities are the same, generic LA-ICP-MS calibration protocols may not accurately depict the actual element concentrations.