On the Durability of Tin-Containing Perovskite Solar Cells

Tin (Sn)-containing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained significant attention in the field of perovskite optoelectronics due to lower toxicity than their lead-based counterparts and their potential for tandem applications. However, the lack of stability is a major concern that hampers their development. To achieve the long-term stability of Sn-containing PSCs, it is crucial to have a clear and comprehensive understanding of the degradation mechanisms of Sn-containing perovskites and develop mitigation strategies. This review provides a compendious overview of degradation pathways observed in Sn-containing perovskites, attributing to intrinsic factors related to the materials themselves and environmental factors such as light, heat, moisture, oxygen, and their combined effects. The impact of interface and electrode materials on the stability of Sn-containing PSCs is also discussed. Additionally, various strategies to mitigate the instability issue of Sn-containing PSCs are summarized. Lastly, the challenges and prospects for achieving durable Sn-containing PSCs are presented. This review summarizes the intrinsic and extrinsic degradation pathways of tin-containing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and discusses mitigation strategies to enhance their durability. Prospectives on potential avenues for advancing tin-containing PSCs are also presented.image