3D-printed conducting polymer hydrogel-based DC generator for self-powered electromechanical sensing

Self-powered electromechanical sensing has gained considerable attention for its potential to transform diverse applications, such as wearable electronics, robotics, artificial intelligence, and environmental monitoring. One promising technology emerging in this field is additive manufacturing of conductive hydrogels as elementary component for energy harvesting/storage, enabling robust, flexible, and biocompatible sensor devices. In this study, we demonstrate a continuous 3D printed conductive hydrogel-based energy harvesting device with triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) architecture. Leveraging the feature of direct-current (DC) energy generation upon mechanical stimulation, the device is capable of self-powered sensing operations. The DC energy generation mechanisms are discussed with the consideration of multiple physiochemical factors. Notably, the printed 3D architected conductive hydrogel (3D-ACH) exhibits robust mechanical properties, providing high flexibility with over 50% compressive strain. Additionally, we explore its performance as a pressure/strain sensor to achieve selfpowered sensing capabilities. The combination of 3D-printed conductive hydrogels and energy generation capabilities represents a promising approach towards achieving self-powered sensing capabilities.