Associations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Depression With Incident Diabetes Mellitus: Veterans Aging Cohort Study

Background. Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, PWH) are at increasingly higher risk for metabolic complications, including diabetes mellitus (DM). Additionally, depression is highly prevalent among PWH and has been associated with increased risk for DM in the general population. However, the association of HIV and depression with incident DM has not been well established. Methods. Using the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS), we selected adults with and without HIV who did not have DM at baseline. Prevalent depression was defined as having a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score of >= 10. Incident DM was identified using validated Kelly's criteria. Basic clinical and demographic characteristics were collected, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were run to test the association between depression and incident DM stratified by HIV serostatus. Results. A total of 5722 participants were analyzed, 2886 (53%) had HIV and 1124 (20%) had depression at baseline. In total, 1235 (22%) participants developed incident DM during follow-up, with 26% of HIV-negative participants developing DM compared to 17% of participants with HIV. Depression was significantly associated with increased risk of incident DM among HIVnegative participants (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.31; P value.003) but not among participants with HIV (aHR 1.09; P value .44). However, among participants with HIV with baseline viral load < 500 copies/mL, we noted a stronger association between depression and incident DM. Conclusions. Incident DM in the VACS cohort is significantly higher for HIV-negative participants compared to veterans with HIV. A significant association between depression and incident DM was noted among HIV-negative participants but not among those with HIV.