Multigenerational inheritance of parasitic stress memory in Drosophila melanogaster

Organisms sense harmful environmental conditions and employ strategies to safeguard themselves. Moreover, they can communicate this experience to the next generation or beyond via non-DNA sequence-based mechanisms, referred to as intergenerational or transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, respectively. Using a specialist larval parasitoid, Leptopilina boulardi , and its host, Drosophila melanogaster , we show that the parental experience of parasitic stress results in an increased survivability of the immediate offspring of the host. Furthermore, we observe that the increased survivability in response to the parasitic stress is transmitted transgenerationally where the grandparents have been exposed to the parasitoid but not the parents. The increased survivability is primarily inherited through male parents, and at least one of the forms of the memory is better immune priming at larval stage. Our study suggests that the stress exposure during the pre-adult stage of the host has lifetime benefits for its progeny to deal with the future parasitic attack. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.