Detecting homocysteine in cardiovascular disease using aptasensors: A review

Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein sulfuric amino acid that is produced as a by-product of methionine transmethylation. Increased levels of Hcy in human serum result in hyperhomocysteinemia, which is an indicator for coagulation problems and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Therefore, serum Hcy has been suggested as a biomarker to determine redox dysfunction in humans. However, it is necessary to use a reliable method to determine the amount of Hcy in biological fluids and its significance in health and disease. Several studies have used aptamer-based electrochemical sensors (aptasensors) to detect Hcy. The focus of these studies was on speeding up detection and creating novel detection techniques. Apatasensing technology has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular problems. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of the various Hcy aptasensors in relation to their linear range, detection abilities, and potential medical uses.