What is TADF (thermally activated delayed fluorescence) compared to the mechanisms of FL (fluorescence), PH (phosphorescence), and TTA (triplet-triplet annihilation) based on a novel naphthalimide sulfonylphenyl derivative as a host?

One of the biggest challenges in the field of optoelectronics is to easily identify the mechanisms involved in lightemitting materials. There are several different mechanisms of emission, and the best known are fluorescence (FL), phosphorescence (PH), thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), and triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA). In this study, simple ways to diagnose these mechanisms are presented with an example. N,N-di (benzenesulfonylphenyl)-N-(N-2-aminomethylpyridine-1,8-naphthalimide)amine is synthesized as a host compound due to its high HOMO-LUMO and ionization potential (IP) values and three emitters consisting of 50 wt% Bis (1phenylisoquinoline))(acetylacetonate)iridium(III) (Ir(piq)2(acac)), 10-(4-(4,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) phenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (DMAC-TRZ) and 1,1 '-(2,5-Dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)dipyrene (DMPPP) were considered. Overall, the host compound, doped Ir(piq)2(acac) and doped DMPPP follow the mechanisms of FL, the combination of FL and PH, and the combination of FL and TTA, as the photoluminescence (PL) decay life time and the PL intensity increased with decreasing temperature. However, DMAC-TRZ doped with the host compound showed the TADF mechanism, as the PL decay lifetime and the PL intensity increase simultaneously with increasing temperature. In addition, the difference between the singlet excited state (S1) and the triplet excited state T1 (Delta EST) from the PL and PH spectra at 77 K for the spin-coated DMAC-TRZ-doped host show the lowest value in between the samples at 0.02 eV, and the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) effect is activated. Moreover, the linear slopes of the power dependence analysis of the DMPPP-doped host were calculated to be 2.04 and 0.91, indicating that there are two components (photons) for this sample which is strong evidence for the TTA mechanism. Taking into account the synthesized host compound, (Ir(piq)2(acac):host), (DMAC-TRZ:host) and (DMPPP:host) as emitter layers, the organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated via solution processing, and the TADF OLED exhibited the highest efficiency among the other OLEDs.