Loss of green landscapes due to urban expansion in China

•Simulating cascading landscape pattern changes at multiple scales in China.•Three future scenarios of SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, and SSP5–8.5 were considered.•Compare the combined effects of food production services and urban sprawl on green landscapes under different scenarios.•The indirect impact of urban expansion on green landscapes is greater than the direct impact.•SSP1–2.6 better maintains the balance between food production and ecological environment.