A review: The formation, prevention, and remediation of acid mine drainage

In abandoned open-pit coal mines, surface water and groundwater form acidic waters with high concentrations of metal ions due to chemical interactions with ores such as pyrite, and the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the major sources of pollution of world concern. For this reason, this paper reviews the formation mechanisms and influencing factors of AMD. It also describes the prediction, prevention, and remediation techniques for AMD, identifying key research gaps. It also discusses the current challenges and shortcomings faced globally in the management of AMD. The formation of AMD is mainly caused by the oxidation of pyrite in mines, but it is mainly influenced by history, climate, topography, and hydrogeology, making the formation mechanism of AMD extremely complex. Currently, the remediation technologies for AMD mainly include active treatment and passive treatment, which can effectively neutralize acidic wastewater. However, the prediction technology for AMD is blank, and the source treatment technology such as passivation and microencapsulation only stays in the experimental stage. This leads to the high cost of treatment technologies at this stage and the inability to identify potential risks in mines. Overall, this review provides remediation tools for AMD from predicting root causes to treatment. Geophysical technology is an effective method for predicting the motion path and pollution surface of AMD in the future, and resource recovery for AMD is a key point that must be paid attention to in the future. Finally, integrated treatment technologies that deserve further exploration need to be emphasized. Graphical Abstract