Utilizing the above-ground extract of Paris polyphylla as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial additive in soap formulation

Addressing environmental pollution, the present study proposes the utilization of natural products as alternatives to chemical additives in soap manufacturing. Specifically, the study explores the potential of the above-ground parts of Paris polyphylla (AGPP), an abundant but underexploited resource, in contrast to its overexploited and endangered underground parts of Paris polyphylla (UGPP). The AGPP was extracted with 75% (V/V) ethanol, yielding a significantly higher content of saponin VII compared to the UGPP extract (41.02 mg/g vs. 10.41 mg/g). Radical scavenging assays demonstrated the extract’s effectiveness against DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals. The extract was subsequently incorporated into a soap base, optimized via D-optimal mixture design to comprise 20.5% coconut oil, 42.5% olive oil, and 37% palm oil. Antibacterial studies indicated that the soap containing AGPP extract exhibited potent activity against Candida albicans and Propionibacterium acnes . These findings suggest the promising role of AGPP extract as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in the formulation of eco-friendly soap