Formulation of downward causation in the brain: whole beats its parts

A configurational force is a novel force of a certain type of aggregates not generated by a pair of elementary particles. It has been argued that the lower micro level in the biological hierarchy is superseded by the configurational forces of higher mental mechanisms. The causal effect from the whole to its parts called downward causation, is regarded as one solution to the mind-brain problem. However, downward causation is a puzzling phenomenon because the principle by which new causal power is generated but cannot be reduced to the micro level is unclear. Here, we provide a novel formulation of downward causation in the brain, providing a scientific verification of downward causation.