Quantitative examination of the anatomy of the juvenile sugar maple xylem

New methodologies have enabled viable sap yields from juvenile sugar maple trees. To further improve yields, a better understanding of sap exudation is required. To achieve this, the anatomy of the xylem must first be fully characterised. We examine juvenile maple saplings using light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), looking at sections cut along differing orientations as well as macerations. From this we measure various cell parameters. We find diameter and length of vessel elements to be 28 +/- 8 mu m and 200 +/- 50 mu m, for fibre cells 8 +/- 3 mu m and 400 +/- 100 mu m, and for ray parenchyma cells 8 +/- 2 mu m and 50 +/- 20 mu m. We also examine pitting present on different cell types. On vessel elements we observe elliptical bordered pits connecting to other vessel elements (with major axis of 2.1 +/- 0.7 mu m and minor 1.3 +/- 0.3 mu m) and pits connecting to ray parenchyma (with major axis of 4 +/- 2 mu m and minor 2.0 +/- 0.7 mu m). We observe two distinct pit sizes on fibres with circular pits 0.7 +/- 0.2 mu m in diameter and ellipsoidal pits 1.6 +/- 0.4 mu m by 1.0 +/- 0.3 mu m. We do not observe distinct pitting patterns on different fibre types. The various cell and pit measurements obtained generally agree with the limited data available for mature trees, with the exception of vessel element and fibre length, both of which were significantly smaller than reported values.