Genotoxicity of bisphenol AF in rats: Detrimental to male reproductive system and probable stronger micronucleus induction potency than BPA

Bisphenol AF (BPAF), as one of structural analogs of BPA, has been increasingly used in recent years. However, limited studies have suggested its adverse effects similar to or higher than BPA. In order to explore the general toxicity and genotoxicity of subacute exposure to BPAF, the novel 28-day multi-endpoint (Pig-a assay + micronucleus [MN] test + comet assay) genotoxicity evaluation platform was applied. Male rats were randomly distributed into seven main experimental groups and four satellite groups. The main experimental groups included BPAF-treated groups (0.5, 5, and 50 mu g/kg center dot bw/d), BPA group (10 mu g/kg center dot bw/d), two solvent control groups (PBS and 0.1% ethanol/99.9% oil), and one positive control group (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, 40 mg/kg bw). The satellite groups included BPAF high-dose recovery group (BPAF-HR), oil recovery group (oil-R), ENU recovery group (ENU-R), and PBS recovery group (PBS-R). All groups received the agents orally via gavage for 28 consecutive days, and satellite groups were given a recovery period of 35 days. Among all histopathologically examined organs, testis and epididymis damage was noticed, which was further manifested as blood-testis barrier (BTB) junction protein (Connexin 43 and Occludin) destruction. BPAF can induce micronucleus production and DNA damage, but the genotoxic injury can be repaired after the recovery period. The expression of DNA repair gene OGG1 was downregulated by BPAF. To summarize, under the design of this experiment, male reproductive toxicity of BPAF was noticed, which is similar to that of BPA, but its ability to induce micronucleus production may be stronger than that of BPA.