Molecular Insights into the Macrophage Immunomodulatory Effects of Scrophulariae Radix Polysaccharides

Scrophulariae Radix (SR) has been widely used in Chinese herbal compound prescriptions, health care products and functional foods. The present study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from SR (SRPs) in macrophages and explore the potential mechanisms. The results showed that four SRPs fractions (SRPs40, SRPs60, SRPs80 and SRPs100) had similar absorption peaks and monosaccharide compositions, but the intensities of absorption peaks and monosaccharide contents were distinguished. All SRPs fractions significantly enhanced the pinocytic activity, promoted the production of NO and TNF-alpha, increased the mRNA expressions of inflammatory factors (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and PTGS2) and TLR2, and elevated the phosphorylation levels of p38, ERK, JNK, p65 and I kappa B. Moreover, the production of NO and TNF-alpha stimulated by SRPs was dramatically suppressed by anti-TLR2 antibody. These results indicated that SRPs activated macrophages through MAPK and NF-kappa B signaling pathways via recognition of TLR2.