Flame doping of indium ions into TiO₂ nanorod arrays for enhanced photochemical water oxidation

Indium (In) ions were diffused into a TiO2 (In-TiO2) photoelectrode via a facile and efficient flame doping method resulting in improved photo-induced carrier separation. The dopant concentration was systematically investigated, and a volcano-type relationship between the dopant concentration and photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance was observed. The optimum incident photon-to-current efficiency and photocurrent density of In-TiO2 were 38.6% and 0.70 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 V, respectively, 2.1 and 11.2 times the values of pristine TiO2, respectively. In doping resulted in improved charge separation and lower surface adsorption energies for reactant molecules, as evidenced by experimental and computational methods.