Daily energy requirements of male academy soccer players are greater than age-matched non-academy soccer players: A doubly labelled water investigation

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) of male academy soccer players is greater than players not enrolled on a formalised academy programme. English Premier League academy (ACAD: n = 8, 13 years, 50 +/- 6 kg, 88 +/- 3% predicted adult stature, PAS) and non-academy players (NON-ACAD: n = 6, 13 years, 53 +/- 12 kg, 89 +/- 3% PAS) were assessed for TDEE (via doubly labelled water) during a 14-day in-season period. External loading was evaluated during training (ACAD: 8 sessions, NON-ACAD: 2 sessions) and games (2 games for both ACAD and NON-ACAD) via GPS, and daily physical activity was evaluated using triaxial accelerometry. Accumulative duration of soccer activity (ACAD: 975 +/- 23 min, NON-ACAD: 397 +/- 2 min; p < 0.01), distance covered (ACAD: 54.2 +/- 8.3 km, NON-ACAD: 21.6 +/- 4.7 km; p < 0.05) and time engaged in daily moderate-to-vigorous (ACAD: 124 +/- 17 min, NON-ACAD: 79 +/- 18 min; p < 0.01) activity was greater in academy players. Academy players displayed greater absolute (ACAD: 3380 +/- 517 kcal d(-1), NON-ACAD: 2641 +/- 308 kcal d(-1); p < 0.05) and relative TDEE (ACAD: 66 +/- 6 kcal kg d(-1), NON-ACAD: 52 +/- 10 kcal kg d(-1); p < 0.05) versus non-academy players. Given the injury risk associated with high training volumes during growth and maturation, data demonstrate the requirement for academy players to consume sufficient energy (and carbohydrate) intake to support the enhanced energy cost of academy programmes.