Killing three birds with one stone: Tumor-membrane-decorated Prussian blue nanovaccines for synergistic management of skin tumors, radiation dermatitis and wounds

Unhealed wounds following the resection of malignant skin tumors, featuring incomplete tumor tissue resection, full-thickness cutaneous defects, wound infection and radiation dermatitis, represent the main causes of prolonged recovery time, poor prognosis, and elevated tumor recurrence. Herein, a tumor cell membrane-decorated Prussian blue (PB) nanovaccine, referred to as PBVac, was fabricated via camouflage of PB nanozymes with the tumor cell membrane as tumor antigens and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) as adjuvants. Reinforcement by the tumor cell membrane substantially enhanced the tumor targeting potential of PBVac, achieving tumor-selective targeting and therapeutic efficacy. The bioactivity of PB nanozymes conferred PBVac with remarkable photothermal activity, antibacterial and antioxidant effects, curing wounds and radiation dermatitis by stimulating angiogenesis, antioxidation and anti-infection. The enhanced antitumor immunity of PBVac conferred by improved antigenicity was also assessed in a tumor challenge assay. PBVac could provide tumor antigens and molecular adjuvants for the priming of an efficient adaptive immune response, suppressing tumor growth. The combined merits of PBVac (photothermal, antibacterial and antioxidant capacities, and tumor membrane antigen) make it a novel nanoplatform that could be utilized as a safe and efficient therapeutic for synergistic management of skin tumors, radiation dermatitis and wounds.