Clinical significance of uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate and inflammation in the development of vascular calcification and cardiovascular complications in stage C3-C5D chronic kidney disease

Aim. To clarify the role of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) and inflammation in the development of vascular calcification and cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease (CKD).Materials and methods. One hundred fifteen patients aged 25 to 68 years with CKD stage C3-C5D were examined. Serum concentrations of IS, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), troponin I, parathyroid hormone were determined by enzyme immunoassay using kits from BluGene biotech (Shanghai, China), Cloud-Clone Corp. (USA), ELISA Kit (Biomedica, Austria).Results. An increase in the serum concentration of IS, IL-6, TNF-a was revealed, which was significantly associated with a deterioration in renal function and changes in the morphological and functional parameters of the heart and aorta.Conclusion. High concentrations of IS, IL-6, TNF-a, which are closely associated with an increase in renal failure and cardiovascular complications, indicate their significant role in vascular calcification, which underlies the damage to the cardiovascular system in CKD.