Trends of inflammatory bowel disease from the Global Burden of Disease Study (1990-2019)

Background The global burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is reportedly increasing. Methodologies and datasets are routinely updated, allowing for more accurate estimates to guide healthcare policy. Methods The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) dataset was accessed and the trends in IBD at the global and regional levels from 1990 to 2019 were estimated for incidence, prevalence, deaths, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100,000 population. The three decadal trends of the disease measures were calculated. Results In 2019, there were 4.9 million (95% Uncertainty Interval [UI] 4.3–5.5) cases of IBD globally. The age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates decreased from 73.23 (95% UI 63.8–83.6) and 6.1 (95% UI 5.3–6.9) in 1990 to 59.2 (95% UI 52.7–66.4) and 4.9 (95% UI 4.4–5.6) in 2019, respectively. Like prior estimates, the highest age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates occurred in North America, but the lowest rates were reported in Oceania (209.5 [195.4–224.4] and 24.5 [22.6–26.7] and 3.87 [3.1–4.7] and 0.5 [0.5–0.7], respectively) and not the Caribbean, as previously reported. High socio-demographic index (SDI) locations had the highest age-standardized prevalence rate, though the rates declined in 2019 compared to 1990. The age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates increased in middle, low middle and low SDI quintiles over the three decades. The age-standardized rates for deaths, DALYs, YLD and YLL decreased globally from 1990 to 2019. Between 1990 and 2019 the total number of patients with IBD in India doubled from 0.13 million (95% UI 0.10–0.16) to 0.27 million (95% UI 0.21–0.33) with age-standardized incidence rate increasing from 2.23 (95% UI 1.85–2.73) to 2.34 (95% UI 1.95–2.86). Conclusion This analysis of the GBD 2019 database demonstrates that the overall global burden of IBD is lower than previously estimated, but an increasing disease burden is observed in the middle and low-SDI locations. Graphical Abstract