Microclimate heterogeneity modulates fine-scale edaphic and vegetation patterns on the Himalayan treelines: Implications under climate change

•Microclimate modulates edaphic and vegetation patterns at the Himalayan treelines.•High thermal heterogeneity found at downslope and upslope of the treelines.•Growing season mean soil temperatures of 7.31–8.15 °C recorded at the treelines.•Our findings predict treeline potential in several areas beyond the current position.•The study has implications in understanding treeline dynamics under climate change.