Latent profile analysis approach to the relationship between daily ambulatory activity patterns and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Japanese individuals: The Toon Health Study

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the accumulation patterns of objectively measured ambulatory activity (AA) variables in the Japanese middle-aged and elderly individuals and examine the relationship of these derivative patterns with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: A total of 1850 participants (66.1% women, mean age: 57.7 years) provided objectively assessed AA data using a uniaxial accelerometer. The number of steps, time accumulated in light-intensity AA (LIAA) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity AA (MVAA), and the ratio of MVAA to total AA (LIAA + MVAA) were calculated. Latent profile analysis was used to identify groups of participants based on their distinct AA patterns. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of groups with MetS after adjusting for age, sex, alcohol intake, and cigarette smoking. Results: Four distinct groups were identified: Group A had few steps and low levels of LIAA and MVAA; group B had a certain number of steps and recommended level of MVAA but low level of LIAA; group C had a certain number or more of steps, high level of LIAA, and recommended level of MVAA; group D had an extremely high number of steps and high levels of both LIAA and MVAA. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for MetS in groups B, C, and D relative to group A were 0.857 (0.611–1.201), 0.679 (0.500–0.922), and 0.434 (0.259–0.730), respectively. Groups C and D had significantly lower odds ratio of MetS compared to group A. Conclusion: AA pattern involving a certain number or greater of steps accumulated through not only MVAA but also LIAA may help reduce the risk of MetS compared to inactive AA pattern.