CD51 labels periosteal injury-responsive osteoprogenitors.

The periosteum is a critical source of skeletal stem and progenitor cells (SSPCs) that form callus tissue in response to injury. There is yet to be a consensus on how to identify SSPCs in the adult periosteum. The aim of this study was to understand how potential murine periosteal SSPC populations behave and in response to injury. We evaluated the differentiation potential of Sca1CD51 and Sca1CD51 cells following transplantation. , the Sca1CD51 population appears to be more primitive multipotent cells, but after transplantation, Sca1CD51 cells showed superior engraftment, expansion, and differentiation into chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Despite representing a clear population with flow cytometry, we identified very few Sca1CD51 cells histologically. Using a periosteal scratch injury model, we successfully mimicked the endochondral-like healing process seen in unstable fractures, including the expansion and osteochondral differentiation of αSMA cells following injury. CD51 cells were present in the cambium layer of resting periosteum and expanded following injury. Sca1CD51 cells were mainly localized in the outer periosteal layer. We found that injury increased colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) formation in the periosteum and led to rapid expansion of CD90 cells. Several other populations, including Sca1CD51 and CD34 cells, were expanded by day 7. Mice with enhanced fracture healing due to elevated Notch signaling mediated by NICD1 overexpression showed significant expansion of CD51 and CD34 cells in the early stages of healing, suggesting these populations contribute to more rapid healing. In conclusion, we demonstrate that periosteal injury leads to the expansion of various SSPC populations, but further studies are required to confirm their lineage hierarchy in the adult skeletal system. Our data indicate that CD51 skeletal progenitor cells are injury-responsive and show good engraftment and differentiation potential upon transplantation.