Myeloblasts transition to megakaryoblastic immunophenotypes over time in some patients with myelodysplastic syndromes

Objectives In myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), neoplastic myeloblast (CD34+CD13+CD33+ cells) numbers often increase over time, leading to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In recent studies, blasts in some MDS patients have been found to express a megakaryocyte-lineage molecule, CD41, and such patients show extremely poor prognosis. This is the first study to evaluate whether myeloblasts transition to CD41+ blasts over time and to investigate the detailed immunophenotypic features of CD41+ blasts in MDS. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study, in which time-dependent changes in blast immunophenotypes were analyzed using multidimensional flow cytometry (MDF) in 74 patients with MDS and AML (which progressed from MDS). Results CD41+ blasts (at least 20% of CD34+ blasts expressing CD41) were detected in 12 patients. In five of these 12 patients, blasts were CD41+ from the first MDF analysis. In the other seven patients, myeloblasts (CD34+CD33+CD41- cells) transitioned to megakaryoblasts (CD34+CD41+ cells) over time, which was often accompanied by disease progression (including leukemic transformation). These CD41+ patients were more frequently observed among patients with monosomal and complex karyotypes. CD41+ blasts were negative for the erythroid antigen, CD235a, and positive for CD33 in all cases, but CD33 expression levels were lower in three cases when compared with CD34+CD41- blasts. Among the five CD41+ patients who underwent extensive immunophenotyping, CD41+ blasts all expressed CD61, but two cases had reduced CD42b expression, three had reduced/absent CD13 expression, and three also expressed CD7. Conclusions Myeloblasts become megakaryoblastic over time in some MDS patients, and examining the megakaryocyte lineage (not only as a diagnostic work-up but also as follow-up) is needed to detect CD41+ MDS. The immunophenotypic features revealed in this study may have diagnostic relevance for CD41+ MDS patients.