Two-Stage Pulsatile Human Placenta Model for Microvascular Anastomosis Training in Neurosurgery

-OBJECTIVE: The development of microsurgical skills is crucial for neurosurgical education. The human placenta is a promising model for practicing vascular anastomosis due to its similarities with brain vessels. We propose a 2-stage model for training in extracranial-to-intracranial anasto-mosis using the placenta. -METHODS: Initially, we propose practicing anastomosis in 2 adjacent placentas. Once successful, the procedure advances to a more challenging configuration that employs a 3-dimensionally printed skull with a window simulating a pterional craniotomy. It is positioned an intracranial placenta and an extracranial one, and the latter has a prominent vessel exposed toward the side of the crani-otomy. Both placentas have one artery and vein cannulated in the umbilical cord, and we present an artificial placental circulation system for microvascular training that regulates pulsation and hydrodynamic pressure while keeping veins engorged with a pressurized bag. To verify anastomosis patency, we utilize sodium fluorescein and iodine contrast. -RESULTS: The 2-stage model simulated several aspects of microvascular anastomosis. Our perfusion system allowed for intraoperative adjustments of hydrodynamic pressure and pulsation. Using iodine contrast and fluo-rescein enabled proper evaluation of anastomosis patency and hydrodynamic features. -CONCLUSIONS: Training in the laboratory is essential for developing microsurgical skills. We have presented a model for microvascular anastomosis with artificial cir-culation and postoperative imaging evaluation, which is highly beneficial for enhancing the learning curve in microvascular procedures.