Associations of carotenoids, vitamin A and mortality: The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study

Background and Aims: Retinol and carotenoids are nutrients that are essential for several physiological functions. Since vitamin A is controversially discussed and both beneficial and harmful effects on cardiovascular health have been proposed, we examined the association of retinol and carotenoids with overall and cardiovascular mortality in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study