Application of next-generation imaging in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer

Background Biochemical recurrence (BCR) following primary interventional treatment occurs in approximately one-third of patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Next-generation imaging (NGI) can identify local and metastatic recurrence with greater sensitivity than conventional imaging, potentially allowing for more effective interventions. This narrative review examines the current clinical evidence on the utility of NGI for patients with BCR. Methods A search of PubMed was conducted to identify relevant publications on NGI applied to BCR. Given other relevant recent reviews on the topic, this review focused on papers published between January 2018 to May 2023. Results NGI technologies, including positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, have demonstrated increased sensitivity and selectivity for diagnosing BCR at prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations <2.0 ng/ml. Detection rates range between 46% and 50%, with decreasing PSA levels for choline (1–3 ng/ml), fluciclovine (0.5–1 ng/ml), and prostate-specific membrane antigen (0.2–0.49 ng/ml) PET radiotracers. Expert working groups and European and US medical societies recommend NGI for patients with BCR. Conclusions Available data support the improved detection performance and selectivity of NGI modalities versus conventional imaging techniques; however, limited clinical evidence exists demonstrating the application of NGI to treatment decision-making and its impact on patient outcomes. The emergence of NGI and displacement of conventional imaging may require a reexamination of the current definitions of BCR, altering our understanding of early recurrence. Redefining the BCR disease state by formalizing the role of NGI in patient management decisions will facilitate greater alignment across research efforts and better reflect the published literature.