Multi-proxy reconstruction of climate changes in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada, during the Middle and Late-Holocene

The micropaleontological and palynological content, and geochemical and isotopic composition of a marine sediment core collected off Pointe-des-Monts in eastern Quebec, Canada, reveal regional palaeoclimatic and paleoceanographic conditions in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary over the last similar to 8200 years. The pollen and spore content allows comparison with the terrestrial palynostratigraphy, whereas dinoflagellate cysts and benthic foraminifera are used to reconstruct sea-surface conditions and bottom water properties, respectively. The dinocyst-based reconstructions indicate shifts between estuarine and oceanic conditions with important changes in sea-surface temperature, salinity, and primary productivity. Both the dinocyst assemblages and the quantitative sea-surface estimates highlight a distinct transition at ca. 4200 cal years BP. It is notably marked by a change towards higher salinity, which suggests reduced freshwater discharge, hence lower precipitation in the watershed, during the Late-Holocene. The isotopic composition (delta O-18 and delta C-13) and assemblages of the benthic foraminifera indicate centennial to millennial frequency variability of bottom water properties, over a general trend towards decreasing temperatures and increasing ventilation from the beginning of the Middle Holocene until the last century. Since then, reverse trends with abrupt warming and decreasing dissolved oxygen content in bottom water have been observed.