Gender role beliefs and wellbeing among young adults in Pakistan and the United Kingdom: Testing a multiple moderator model

The well-being of individuals is influenced by their beliefs about gender roles, which are influenced by cultural factors. It is therefore important to compare links between gender role beliefs and well-being in cultures that are more or less gender equitable. This study examined links between gender role beliefs and well-being among young adults in the patriarchal culture of Pakistan and the more egalitarian culture of the United Kingdom (UK). Participants were 1141 university students aged 17-30 (mean = 21.56, SD = 2.54): 411 Pakistani women, 307 Pakistani men, 318 UK women, and 105 UK men. Analyses revealed stronger associations between gender role beliefs and well-being among respondents from Pakistan than respondents from the UK. Furthermore, whereas similar patterns of association were found among women in the two countries, the direction of some associations differed between men in Pakistan and the UK. Moderation models also highlighted variations in the links between egalitarian gender role beliefs and well-being outcomes among women and men in the two countries. Considering our results in the context of other research, there is a need to acknowledge young adults' gender identity concerns when providing, and encouraging engagement with, health care.