Strategies for large-scale perovskite solar cells realization

Perovskite solar cells have demonstrated significant potential for practical application due to their competitive power conversion efficiency of over 25.7%. This high efficiency is primarily attributed to the exceptional optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials. However, commercialization of perovskite solar cells requires large-scale module manufacturing while maintaining high performance. Spin coating succeeded in fabrication of small area device with high performance, while which is not suitable for uniform film formation during largescale production. Hence, this review focuses on several feasible large-area fabrication methods, including spray coating, blade coating, slot-die coating and inkjet printing. The corresponding mechanisms and research progress proposed recently are comprehensively summarized. Meanwhile, disadvantages, challenges and possible strategies of each method are rationally analyzed, hoping which can provide meaningful guidance for efficient and large-scale PSCs realization.