Bioremediation Potential of Cr(VI) by Lysinibacillus cavernae CR-2 Isolated from Chromite-Polluted Soil: A Promising Approach for Cr(VI) Detoxification

The present study focuses on an efficient Cr(VI)-reducing bacterial strain (CR-2) isolated from an abandoned chromate plant in Qinghai Province, China. CR-2 was confirmed as Lysinibacillus cavernae using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. CR-2 could survive at 500 mg L-1 Cr(VI) and effectively reduce Cr(VI) at concentrations of <50 mg L-1, a pH of 5-9, a temperature of 20-40 & DEG;C, and a salinity of 5-15 g L-1. According to the Box-Behnken experimental design, the maximum Cr(VI) removal efficiency by L. cavernae CR-2 was 76.21% under optimum conditions, which comprised a pH of 6.68, a temperature of 28.90 & DEG;C, and a salinity of 9.85 g L-1. With regard to Cr(VI) reduction mediated by L. cavernae CR-2, enhancement in efficiency was observed in the presence of Cu2+ and Ca2+, while significant inhibition in the reduction capacity occurred upon exposure to Mg2+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, or Cd2+. Moreover, L. cavernae CR-2 tends to use glucose as an electron donor for the reduction of Cr(VI). Results of cell fraction separation and degeneration indicated that the Cr(VI) removal was primarily due to the reduction of Cr(VI) via chromium reductase in the cytoplasm. In addition, bioanalysis of L. cavernae CR-2 by SEM-EDS and TEM-EDS suggested that Cr was distributed both on the surface and in the cell cytoplasm. FT-IR analyses established that multiple functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, amide, amino, and aldehyde groups) participated in the Cr(VI) biosorption on the cell surface. XPS and HPLC also showed that the Cr(III) end-products could be present as Cr(III) hydroxides or as organic-Cr(III) complexes. This study yields insights into the Cr(VI) bioreduction mechanism of L. cavernae CR-2.