Understanding Quiet and Storm Time EMIC Waves-Van Allen Probes Results

Geomagnetic indices have been used as a proxy for studying electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave occurrences under different geomagnetic conditions. However, the drivers of EMIC waves are different during non-storm, storm time and during individual storm phases. Using similar to 7 years of data from the twin Van Allen Probes, we demonstrate that the occurrence probability of EMIC waves are not well captured by a specific geomagnetic activity index alone, but is rather well manifested by considering individual storm phases. We show EMIC wave occurrence statistics during different storm phases (pre-onset, main and recovery) for geomagnetic activity indices Sym-H, AE, and Kp and solar wind dynamic pressure P-dyn, illustrating that the occurrence rates vary significantly during different storm phases even for a given geomagnetic index. We also utilize this large database to show EMIC wave occurrence distribution, and how various wave and plasma parameters behave under different geomagnetic conditions. EMIC waves occur 2.9 times more often during geomagnetic storms than during non-storm times. The majority (72%) of storm time EMIC waves occur during the recovery phase due to long recovering time, while the highest occurrence rates are in the pre-onset phase, followed by main and recovery phases. EMIC waves in the main phase have occurrence peaks in the dusk to pre-midnight sectors while recovery phase events spread to more Magnetic Local Time (MLT) sectors with peaks in the morning sector. Wave amplitudes are found to be evenly distributed across different MLT sectors during all geomagnetic conditions.