Frequency Control of a Realistic Dish Stirling Solar Thermal System and Accurate HVDC Models Using a Cascaded FOPI-IDDN-Based Crow Search Algorithm

Unbalancing the real power in power system leads to fluctuation in system frequency which can cause the several negative effects on the performance and reliability of the interconnected power system. Therefore, to deal with this, the load frequency control (LFC) of a three-area asymmetric thermal power system integrated with a solar thermal power plant (STPP), a realistic dish-stirling solar thermal system (DSTS), and an accurate high voltage direct current (HVDC) link are presented in this work. For the suggested system, a novel cascade controller called fractional-order proportional-integral and integral-double-derivative with filter (FOPI-IDDN) is designed. By minimising a newly proposed performance index called the HPA-ISE and adjusting the controller and other system model parameters using a metaheuristic method called the crow search algorithm (CS). When comparing the system dynamics, it was found that the suggested FOPI-IDDN controller outperformed the FOPI, PIDN, and FOPIDN controllers. The findings of this study show that HPA-ISE shows approximately 30% and 60% improvements in settling time (ST) and peak overshoots (POS) for frequency response, and 32% and 18% improvements for the tie power responses in terms of ST and POS over ISE criteria. Also, studies on different area capacity ratios have shown that a system connected to a greater capacity ratio operates better. The realistic DSTS system with fixed and recurring insolation in area 1 and area 2 outperforms the others, according to experiments using different DSTS insolation. Also, it is discovered that the parallel AC-AHVDC link study is superior to the AC and HVDC connection research. Moreover, it seems from the sensitivity study that the CS-optimized FOPI-IDDN controller improvements obtained under normal settings are consistent across a wide range of changes.