Ternary-Metal Sn-Pb-Zn Perovskite to Reconstruct Top Surface for Efficient and Stable Less-Pb Perovskite Solar Cells

Though Sn-Pb alloyed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieved great progress, there is a dilemma to further increase Sn for less-Pb requirement. High Sn ratio (>70%) perovskite exhibits nonstoichiometric Sn:Pb:I at film surface to aggravate Sn2+ oxidation and interface energy mismatch. Here, ternary metal alloyed (FASnI(3))(0.7)(MAPb(1-x)ZnxI(3))(0.3 )(x = 0-3%) is constructed for Pb% < 30% perovskite. Zn with smaller ionic size and stronger ionic interaction than Sn/Pb assists forming high-quality perovskite film with ZnI64- enriched at surface to balance Sn:Pb:I ratio. Differing from uniform bulk doping, surface-rich Zn with lower lying orbits pushes down the energy band of perovskite and adjusts the interface energy for efficient charge transfer. The alloyed PSC realizes efficiency of 19.4% at AM1.5 (one of the highest values reported for Pb% < 30% PSCs). Moreover, stronger bonding of ZnI and SnI contributes to better durability of ternary perovskite than binary perovskite. This work highlights a novel alloy method for efficient and stable less-Pb PSCs.