Ovarian reserve in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis using biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs

Background/Objectives The aim of the study is to assess the effect of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) on ovarian reserve in children. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was performed from March 2021 to March 2022 and included 81 patients with JIA and 49 healthy children. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol levels were analyzed using electrochemiluminescence methods. Results The mean of current age (13.5 ± 3.2 vs. 14.4 ± 2.4 years), height standard deviation score (SDS) (− 0.35 ± 1.18 vs. − 0.44 ± 0.94), body mass index SDS (0.12 ± 1.33 vs. 0.25 ± 1.28), and the median weight SDS (− 0.13 (− 2.27–3.23) vs. − 0.52 (− 3.4–3.3)) were similar in JIA patients and controls ( p > 0.05). Patients with JIA were divided into two groups according to their treatment regimens: treated with methotrexate (MTX) (biologic naive) ( n = 32) and treated with MTX plus bDMARDs ( n = 49). No significant differences were detected between the 3 groups regarding menarche age, menstrual cycle length, and flow duration (for all p > 0.05). The median serum concentration of AMH was 2.94 (1.12–7.88) ng/ml in the control group, 3.02 (0.36–8.54) ng/ml in the biologic naïve group, and 3.01 (0.99–8.26) ng/ml in the MTX plus bDMARD group. There were no significant differences between 3 groups according to serum AMH, FSH, LH, and estradiol levels ( p > 0.05). Conclusion Biologic DMARDs are reassuring in terms of ovarian reserve in girls with JIA and demonstrate that AMH is unaffected by treatment. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings and to evaluate the impact on the future fertility of patients. Key Points • Although biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) are being game-changing treatment options in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, their effect on fertility and ovarian reserve is one of the most discussed issues. • In addition to treatment used, autoimmune diseases might also have a negative effect on fertility. • In this cross-sectional study, we found that anti-Mullerian hormone level of patients who were on bDMARDs, patients who were on methotrexate, and healthy controls were similar. • Our results suggest that bDMARDs are reassuring in terms of ovarian reserve in girls with JIA and demonstrate that AMH is unaffected by treatment.