Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis Induced by VR12684 Isolated from Mallotus spodocarpus in Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Line.

These results suggested that VR12684 inhibited KKU-M-156 cell growth by way of cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis, at least in part, through the mitochondria- and ER-associated intrinsic pathways. Such compounds warrant evaluation as a candidate for the treatment of human CCA.