Flexible-Position MIMO for Wireless Communications: Fundamentals, Challenges, and Future Directions

The flexible-position multiple-input multiple-output (FLP-MIMO) -- used in, for example, fluid antennas and movable antennas -- is a promising technology for future wireless communications. This is due to the fact that the positions of antennas at the transceiver and reflector can be dynamically optimized using FLP-MIMO to achieve better channel conditions and, as such, can provide high spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) gains with fewer antennas. In this article, we introduce the fundamentals of FLP-MIMO systems, including hardware design, structure design, and potential applications. We shall demonstrate that FLP-MIMO, using fewer flexible antennas, can match the channel hardening achieved by a large number of fixed antennas. We will then analyze the SE-EE relationship for FLP-MIMO and fixed-position MIMO. Furthermore, we will design the optimal trajectory of flexible antennas to maximize system sum SE or total EE at a fixed travel distance of each antenna. Finally, several important research directions regarding FLP-MIMO communications are presented to facilitate further investigation.