Age-of-information-aware PI controller for load frequency control

Open communication system in modern power systems brings concern about information staleness which may cause power system frequency instability. The information staleness is often characterized by communication delay. However, communication delay is a packet-centered metric and cannot reflect the requirement of information freshness for load frequency control (LFC). This paper introduces the age of information (AoI), which is more comprehensive and informative than the conventional communication delay modeling method. An LFC controller and communication are integrated into the design for LFC performance improvement. An AoI-aware LFC model is formulated first, and considering each allowable update period of the smart sensor, different AoI-aware PI controllers are then designed according to the exponential decay rate. The right AoI-aware controller and update period are selected according to the degree of frequency fluctuation of the power system. Case studies are carried out on one-area and two-area power systems. The results show the superior performance of the AoI-aware controllers in comparison to the delay-dependent controllers.