Development of the prenatal positive experience scale for men in Japan: A cross-sectional scale development study

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure the positive experiences of men during their partner's pregnancy. Methods: Scale items were developed in consultation with the literature. The content and surface validity were assessed by experts and the public. Exploratory factor analysis, convergence validity, and internal consistency of the scale were analyzed. Data were collected using the Quality Marriage Index, responsibility and happiness numerical rating scales, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify relevant variables. Results: A total of 267 expectant fathers were sampled. The final scale was composed of 28 items and 3 factors, namely, 1, increased awareness of becoming a father; 2, self-growth through becoming a father; and 3, comprising positive emotional responses to pregnancy events. Cronbach's alpha was.98 for the entire scale and ranged from.88 to.97 for the three factors. Regarding convergent validity, a significant moderate positive correlation with other scales was found. Significantly related variables included number of weeks pregnant, age of wife, positive emotional response at pregnancy announcement, and risk of depression. Conclusions: The 3 factors and 28-item Prenatal Positive Experience Scale for Men were confirmed to have sufficient reliability and validity. More advanced gestational weeks, a younger partner, positive emotional response at pregnancy announcement, and no risk of depression were associated with more positive emotional experiences. On the basis of these results, nursing interventions promoting positive emotions should be provided for men during pregnancy.