GAER-UWSN: Genetic Algorithm-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are composed of numerous underwater wireless sensor nodes dispersed in the marine environment. Since the UWSN uses limited battery capacity and is difficult to replace or charge, energy efficiency becomes a difficult design issue. Earlier research found that multipath routing can help the UWSN save energy. But optimal path selection is a nondeterministic polynomial-time (NP) hard optimization issue that can be handled using metaheuristic algorithms. The GAER-UWSN technique is a new, improved metaheuristics-based multihop multipath routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. The GAER-UWSN technique chooses cluster optimal pathways that lead to the least energy consumption. The proposed technique uses the most fundamental process: genetic algorithm-based multipath routing. These characteristics include residual energy and inter-neighboring node distance. Deriving a fitness function from five factors: residual energy, transmission energy, aggregation energy, distance, average energy, and total possible path. The GAER-UWSN technology increases the UWSN’s energy efficiency and lifetime. A number of simulations were run to ensure the GAER-UWSN technique’s high results. The findings showed the GAER-UWSN technique outperformed in many metrics such as network lifetime and energy consumption.