Bimolecular transitions and lipid synthesis in marine microalgae for environmental and human health application

Enhancement of growth rates and biochemical composition of marine microalgae are necessary for biofuel generation and other applications. Thus, the aim of the current review is to collect the recently published data on marine microalgae. Followed by cultivation conditions (such as media, light, temperature, pH, and cultivation time) of marine microalgae which are responsible for variations in biochemical composition (including carbo-hydrates, lipids, and proteins). The strategies for the enhancement of marine microalgae productivity in terms of biomass and biochemical composition are discussed. The desaturase/elongase pathway for fatty acids (including oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and other acids) production is elucidated. The low lipid content in marine microalgae could be enhanced by targeting the microalgal cell factories under the application of genetic engi-neering and synthetic biology. The genetic modification strategies combined with omics under stress conditions to enhance the potential of marine microalgae are highlighted. The applications of marine microalgae for environmental (i.e., pollutant removal, biodiesel, and/or other biofuel generation) and human health (such as supplements, pharmaceuticals, and other value-added products) are also emphasized.