Bone Regeneration

The hierarchical, multiphase, and anisotropic structure of bone is coupled with piezoelectric characteristics. Each hierarchical structural level of bone affects its rigidity, ductility, and hardness. Bone is a dynamic structure mostly composed of collagen, hydroxyapatite, and water. It has been demonstrated that the complicated mechanism of piezoelectricity creation in bone is essential for both bone adaptability and repair. Since the term "tissue engineering" was first used, bone tissue engineering has been steadily improving. In bone tissue engineering, the biomaterials that serve as the building blocks for the creation of scaffolds are essential. Smart materials called piezoelectric materials may produce electrical activity in reaction to slight deformations. Investigations devoted to piezoelectric materials for bone tissue engineering have significantly increased. This chapter reviews the structure, mechanical characteristics, and components of natural bone as well as the techniques used in bone tissue engineering. Then, the application of electroconductive biomaterials for bone tissue engineering is discussed. Finally, current challenges and prospects are highlighted.