Peptide-Based Therapeutic HPV Cancer Vaccine Synthesized via Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles

Background: Peptide-based vaccines have broad application prospects because of their safety, simple preparation, and effectiveness, especially in the development of personalized cancer vaccines, which have shown great advantages. However, the current peptidebased vaccines often require artificial synthesis and intricate delivery technology, which increases the cost and complexity of preparation.Methods: Here, we developed a simple technique for combining a peptide and a delivery system using the natural secretion system of bacteria. Specifically, we biosynthesized an antigenic peptide in bacteria, which was then extracellularly released through the bacterial secretory vesicles, thus simultaneously achieving the biosynthesis and delivery of the peptide.Results: The system utilizes the natural properties of bacterial vesicles to promote antigen uptake and dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Therefore, tumor-specific CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses were induced in TC-1 tumor-bearing mice, thereby efficiently suppressing tumor growth.Conclusion: This research promotes innovation and extends the application of peptide-based vaccine biosynthesis technology. Importantly, it provides a new method for personalized cancer immunotherapy that uses screened peptides as antigens in the future.