Correct-by-Construction Reinforcement Learning of Cardiac Pacemakers from Duration Calculus Requirements.

As the complexity of artificial pacemakers continues to grow, the importance of capturing its functional correctness requirement formally cannot be overestimated. The pacemaker system specification document by Boston Scientific provides a widely accepted set of specifications for pacemakers. As these specifications are written in a natural language, they are not amenable to automated verification, synthesis, or reinforcement learning of pacemaker systems. This paper presents a formalization of these requirements for a dual-chamber pacemaker in duration calculus (DC), a highly expressive real-time specification language. The proposed formalization allows us to automatically translate pacemaker requirements into executable specifications as stopwatch automata, which can be used to enable simulation, monitoring, validation, verification and automatic synthesis of pacemaker systems. The cyclic nature of the pacemaker-heart closed-loop system results in DC requirements that compile to a decidable subclass of stopwatch automata. We present shield reinforcement learning (shield RL), a shield synthesis based reinforcement learning algorithm, by automatically constructing safety envelopes from DC specifications.