Tumor sound, auditory cues, and tissue pathology in glioma surgery: a proof-of-concept study

OBJECTIVE Visual, tactile, and auditory cues are used during surgery to differentiate tissue type. Auditory cues in glioma surgery have not been studied previously. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate the feasibility of record-ing sound generated by the suction device during glioma surgery in matched tissue samples, and 2) to characterize the acoustic variation that occurs in different tissue samples.METHODS This was a prospective observational proof-of-concept study. Recordings were attempted in 20 patients in order meet the accrual target of 10 patients with matched sound and tissue data. For each patient, three 30-to 60 -sec-ond recordings were made at these sites: normal white matter, infiltrative margin, and tumor. Tissue samples at each site were then reviewed by experienced neuropathologists, and agreement with surgical identification was estimated with the kappa statistic. Acoustic parameters were characterized for each sample.RESULTS Data from 20 patients were analyzed. Patient-related or technical issues resulted in missing data for 10 patients, but the final 10 patients had both audio and tissue data for analysis. Among all tissue samples, fair agreement was observed between surgeon identification and actual pathology (& kappa; = 0.24, standard error 0.096, p = 0.006). Acoustic data suggested that 1) the acoustic stimulus is broadband, 2) acoustic features are somewhat consistent within cases, 3) high-entropy val-ues indicate irregularity of sound over time, and 4) bimodal pitch distributions could differentially reflect cues of interest.CONCLUSIONS This study supports the feasibility of collecting intraoperative data on acoustic features during glioma surgery, and it provides an example of how an analysis could be performed to compare different types of tissues.