Advances and Challenges for Hydrovoltaic Intelligence

In recent years, excessive exploitation and rapid populationgrowthhave posed numerous challenges. The climate crisis is deepening becauseof the unabated use of fossil fuels and the ascendance of greenhousegas levels, so there is still an urgent need to seek different cleanenergy sources and electricity generating methods with the purposeof adjusting energy structures and solving environmental problems.In the ubiquitous hydrologic cycle, at least 60 petawatts (10(15) W) energy can be supplied, but little of it has yet beenutilized. Nowadays, hydrovoltaic intelligence has emerged and exhibitedan ecofriendly concept of electricity generation compared with traditionalmethods with the rise of nanoscience and nanomaterials. Hence, itprovides the prospect of upgrading the mode of water energy use, constructinga renewable energy industry, and alleviating environmental issues.In this review, starting by introducing different types of hydrovoltaiceffect mechanisms Renergy harvesting based on drawing potentialof liquids; energy harvesting based on water evaporation, and energyharvesting based on moisture adsorption Rwe summarize the fabricationprocesses, material classifications, intelligent applications, andrepresentative advances in detail. Moreover, the future developmenttrends of hydrovoltaic intelligence and the challenges for improvementin electrical output are further discussed.