Enhanced plasticity of the oxide scales by in-situ formed Cr2O3/Cr heterostructures for Cr-based coatings on Zr alloy in 1200 °C steam

•An in-situ formed Cr2O3/Cr heterostructure that enhanced the plasticity of scales.•To show the deformation behavior in the oxide scales under superimposed stresses.•To simulate the stress and strain in the oxidized by the finite element method.•To discuss the stress mechanisms of generation and relief for the oxide scales.